MolluscaBase taxon details
Milax gagates (Draparnaud, 1801)
819993 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:819993)
accepted
Species
Amalia antipodarum (L. Pfeiffer & J. E. Gray, 1855) · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Amalia antipodarum var. pallida T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891 · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Amalia babori Collinge, 1897 · unaccepted > superseded combination
Amalia gagates (Draparnaud, 1801) · unaccepted > superseded combination
Amalia gagates var. plumbea T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891 · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Amalia parryi Collinge, 1895 · unaccepted
Limax (Amalia) gagates (Draparnaud, 1801) · unaccepted > superseded combination
Limax (Amalia) hewstoni J. G. Cooper, 1872 · unaccepted (junior synonym)
Limax fuliginosus A. Gould, 1852 · unaccepted (junior synonym)
Limax gagates Draparnaud, 1801 · unaccepted (original name)
Limax hewstoni J. G. Cooper, 1872 · unaccepted (junior synonym)
Limax maurus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Limax pectinatus Selenka, 1865 · unaccepted
Limax polyptyelus Bourguignat, 1859 · unaccepted
Milax (Milax) gagates (Draparnaud, 1801) · alternative representation
Milax antipodarum L. Pfeiffer & J. E. Gray, 1855 · unaccepted
Milax atratus Mabille, 1868 · unaccepted
Milax emarginatus F. W. Hutton, 1879 · unaccepted (junior synonym)
Milax gagates var. plumbea (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891) · unaccepted (variety)
Milax hewstoni J. G. Cooper, 1872 · unaccepted (junior synonym)
Milax nigricolus Tate, 1881 · unaccepted (junior synonym)
Milax scaptobius Bourguignat, 1861 · unaccepted
Milax tasmanicus Tate, 1881 · unaccepted (junior synonym)
- Variety Milax gagates var. plumbea (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891) accepted as Milax gagates (Draparnaud, 1801) (variety)
(of Limax gagates Draparnaud, 1801) Draparnaud, J. P. R. (1801). <i>Tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France</i>. Montpellier / Paris (Renaud / Bossange, Masson & Besson). 1-116. , available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28587765
page(s): 100 [details]
page(s): 100 [details]
MolluscaBase eds. (2025). MolluscaBase. Milax gagates (Draparnaud, 1801). Accessed at: https://molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=819993 on 2025-09-12
Date
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original description
(of Limax gagates Draparnaud, 1801) Draparnaud, J. P. R. (1801). <i>Tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France</i>. Montpellier / Paris (Renaud / Bossange, Masson & Besson). 1-116. , available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28587765
page(s): 100 [details]
original description (of Milax tasmanicus Tate, 1881) Tate, R. (1881). On some Australian slugs, chiefly Tasmanian. <em>Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania.</em> 1880: 15-18., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10134414
page(s): 16 [details]
original description (of Milax nigricolus Tate, 1881) Tate, R. (1881). On some Australian slugs, chiefly Tasmanian. <em>Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania.</em> 1880: 15-18., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10134414
page(s): 17 [details]
original description (of Limax polyptyelus Bourguignat, 1859) Bourguignat, J.-R. (1859). Aménités Malacologiques. Tome second. <em>J. B. Baillière, Paris.</em> 216 pp. [details]
original description (of Limax maurus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Quoy, J.R.C. & J.P. Gaimard. (1824-1826). Zoologie. <em>In: L. de Freycinet (ed.), Voyage au tour du monde fait par ordre du roi, sur les corvettes de S. M: l'Uranie et la Physicienne pendant les années 1817 à 1820.</em> iv + 712 pp. [pp. 1-328, 1824; 329-616, 1825; 617-664, 1826]., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40871044
page(s): 427 [details]
original description (of Milax scaptobius Bourguignat, 1861) Bourguignat, J.-R. (1860-1862). Les specileges malacolgiques. Bailliere, Paris.
page(s): 43 [details]
original description (of Limax pectinatus Selenka, 1865) Selenka, E. (1865). Zwei neue Nacktschnecken aus Australien (Limax pectinatus und bicolor). <em>Malakozoologische Blätter.</em> 12: 105-110., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16080252
page(s): 105 [details]
original description (of Milax atratus Mabille, 1868) Mabille, J. (1868). Archives malacologiques. Troisième fascicule [Des Limaciens européens. Zonites dutaillyanus]. 33-54 (1 March 1868) Paris (F. Savy), Note: the fascicules 1, 2 and 3 appeared earlier than the respective papers in the journal “Revue et Magasin de Zoologie” [details]
original description (of Milax antipodarum L. Pfeiffer & J. E. Gray, 1855) Gray, J. E. ["descriptions of the species" by L. Pfeiffer]. (1855). <i>Catalogue of Pulmonata or air-breathing Mollusca in the collection of the British Museum, Part I.</i> London: Taylor & Francis. 192 pp. , available online at https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18487271
page(s): 177 [details]
original description (of Limax (Amalia) hewstoni J. G. Cooper, 1872) Cooper, J. G. (1872). On new Californian Pulmonata, etc. <em>Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.</em> 24: 143-154, pl. 3., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26296902
page(s): 145, pl. 3, figs. B 1-5 [details]
original description (of Amalia antipodarum var. pallida T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891) Cockerell, T. D. A. (1891). Notes on slugs, chiefly in the collection at the British Museum. <em>The Annals and Magazine of History History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology.</em> (6)7: 328-341., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19243270
page(s): 340 [details]
original description (of Amalia parryi Collinge, 1895) Collinge, W. E. (1895). Amalia parryi, a supposed new species. <em>Journal of Malacology.</em> 3: 7. [details]
original description (of Amalia babori Collinge, 1897) Collinge, W. E. (1897). On a further collection of slugs from the Hawaiian (or Sandwich) Islands. <em>Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London.</em> 2: 293-297, text-figs. 1-9., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15036720
page(s): 294-295, figs. 4-6 [details]
original description (of Amalia gagates var. plumbea T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891) Cockerell, T. D. A. (1891). Notes on slugs, chiefly in the collection at the British Museum. <em>The Annals and Magazine of History History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology.</em> (6)7: 328-341., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19243270
page(s): 337 [details]
original description (of Milax emarginatus F. W. Hutton, 1879) Hutton, F. W. (1879). Description of some new slugs. <em>Transactions of the New Zealand Institute.</em> 11: 331-332., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34797484#page/387/mode/1up
page(s): 331 [details]
original description (of Limax fuliginosus A. Gould, 1852) Gould, A. A. (1852). Mollusca and shells. <em>In: United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 under the command of Charles Wilkes. Boston.</em> 12: 1-510; atlas 1856: 1-16., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10991152
page(s): 5, pl. 1, fig, 4a. [details]
context source (Bermuda) Bieler, R. & Slapcinsky, J. (2000). A case study for the development of an island fauna: Recent terrestrial mollusks of Bermuda. <em>Nemouria.</em> 44: 1-99., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45974319 [details]
basis of record Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. Pp 196-219. <em>in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia.</em> Canterbury University Press, Christchurch. [details]
additional source Herbert, D. & Kilburn, D. (2004). Field guide to the land snails and slugs of eastern South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: Natal Museum. [v] + 336 pp.
page(s): 295 [details] Available for editors
[request]
additional source Barker, G. M. (1999). Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). <em>Fauna of New Zealand 38: 1-254.</em> [details]
additional source Nevill, G. (1880). On the land-shells, extinct and living, of the neighbourhood of Menton (Alpes Maritimes); with descriptions of a new genus and of several new species. <em>Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.</em> 1880: 94-142, Pls. 13, 14., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28522212
page(s): 103 [details]
additional source Cowie, R. H., Evenhuis, N. L. & Christensen, C. C. (1995). <i>Catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the Hawaiian Islands</i>. vi + 248 pp. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers.
page(s): 166 [details] Available for editors
[request]
additional source Herbert, D.G. (2010). The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series, 15: vi + 108 pp. Pretoria. [SANBI = South African National Biodiversity Institute].
page(s): 60 [details]
additional source Hausdorf, B. (2002). Introduced Land Snails and Slugs in Colombia. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 68 (2): 127-131. London. [details] Available for editors
[request]
additional source Collinge, W.E. (1910). The slugs of Natal. <em>Annals of the Natal Museum 2(2): 159–174.</em>
page(s): 161 [details]
additional source Minato, H. (1988). A systematic and bibliographic list of the Japanese land snails. H. Minato, Shirahama, 294 pp., 7 pls.
page(s): 134 [details]
additional source Cockerell, T. D. A. (1908). <i>Milax gagates</i> and <i>Vitrea cellaria</i> in Colorado. <em>The Nautilus.</em> 21(11): 131-132., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3666091 [details]
additional source Schallenberg, V.; Heim, R.; Schneppat, U. E.; Müller, P.; Rüetschi, J.; Neubert, E. (2022). Revision of the family Milacidae from Switzerland (Mollusca, Eupulmonata, Parmacelloidea). <em>ZooKeys.</em> 1116: 149-179., available online at https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1116.82762 [details] Available for editors
[request]
additional source Dundee, D. S. & Dundee, H. A. (1958). Extensions of known ranges of 4 mollusks. <em>The Nautilus.</em> 72(2): 51-53., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8521088
page(s): 52-53 [details]
additional source Neck, R. W. (1977). Introduced land snails of Travis County, Texas. <em>The Nautilus.</em> 91(4): 140-143., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8273666
page(s): 41 [details]
identification resource Katsumi, T. & Sawada, N. (2025). Rediscovery and integrative identification of Milax gagates from Japan (Gastropoda: Milacidae). <em>Folia Malacologica.</em> 33 (1):73-81., available online at https://www.foliamalacologica.com/Rediscovery-and-integrative-identification-of-Milax-gagates-from-Japan-Gastropoda,200280,0,2.html [details] Available for editors
[request]
page(s): 100 [details]
original description (of Milax tasmanicus Tate, 1881) Tate, R. (1881). On some Australian slugs, chiefly Tasmanian. <em>Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania.</em> 1880: 15-18., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10134414
page(s): 16 [details]
original description (of Milax nigricolus Tate, 1881) Tate, R. (1881). On some Australian slugs, chiefly Tasmanian. <em>Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania.</em> 1880: 15-18., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10134414
page(s): 17 [details]
original description (of Limax polyptyelus Bourguignat, 1859) Bourguignat, J.-R. (1859). Aménités Malacologiques. Tome second. <em>J. B. Baillière, Paris.</em> 216 pp. [details]
original description (of Limax maurus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Quoy, J.R.C. & J.P. Gaimard. (1824-1826). Zoologie. <em>In: L. de Freycinet (ed.), Voyage au tour du monde fait par ordre du roi, sur les corvettes de S. M: l'Uranie et la Physicienne pendant les années 1817 à 1820.</em> iv + 712 pp. [pp. 1-328, 1824; 329-616, 1825; 617-664, 1826]., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40871044
page(s): 427 [details]
original description (of Milax scaptobius Bourguignat, 1861) Bourguignat, J.-R. (1860-1862). Les specileges malacolgiques. Bailliere, Paris.
page(s): 43 [details]
original description (of Limax pectinatus Selenka, 1865) Selenka, E. (1865). Zwei neue Nacktschnecken aus Australien (Limax pectinatus und bicolor). <em>Malakozoologische Blätter.</em> 12: 105-110., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16080252
page(s): 105 [details]
original description (of Milax atratus Mabille, 1868) Mabille, J. (1868). Archives malacologiques. Troisième fascicule [Des Limaciens européens. Zonites dutaillyanus]. 33-54 (1 March 1868) Paris (F. Savy), Note: the fascicules 1, 2 and 3 appeared earlier than the respective papers in the journal “Revue et Magasin de Zoologie” [details]
original description (of Milax antipodarum L. Pfeiffer & J. E. Gray, 1855) Gray, J. E. ["descriptions of the species" by L. Pfeiffer]. (1855). <i>Catalogue of Pulmonata or air-breathing Mollusca in the collection of the British Museum, Part I.</i> London: Taylor & Francis. 192 pp. , available online at https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18487271
page(s): 177 [details]
original description (of Limax (Amalia) hewstoni J. G. Cooper, 1872) Cooper, J. G. (1872). On new Californian Pulmonata, etc. <em>Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.</em> 24: 143-154, pl. 3., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26296902
page(s): 145, pl. 3, figs. B 1-5 [details]
original description (of Amalia antipodarum var. pallida T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891) Cockerell, T. D. A. (1891). Notes on slugs, chiefly in the collection at the British Museum. <em>The Annals and Magazine of History History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology.</em> (6)7: 328-341., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19243270
page(s): 340 [details]
original description (of Amalia parryi Collinge, 1895) Collinge, W. E. (1895). Amalia parryi, a supposed new species. <em>Journal of Malacology.</em> 3: 7. [details]
original description (of Amalia babori Collinge, 1897) Collinge, W. E. (1897). On a further collection of slugs from the Hawaiian (or Sandwich) Islands. <em>Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London.</em> 2: 293-297, text-figs. 1-9., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15036720
page(s): 294-295, figs. 4-6 [details]
original description (of Amalia gagates var. plumbea T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891) Cockerell, T. D. A. (1891). Notes on slugs, chiefly in the collection at the British Museum. <em>The Annals and Magazine of History History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology.</em> (6)7: 328-341., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19243270
page(s): 337 [details]
original description (of Milax emarginatus F. W. Hutton, 1879) Hutton, F. W. (1879). Description of some new slugs. <em>Transactions of the New Zealand Institute.</em> 11: 331-332., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34797484#page/387/mode/1up
page(s): 331 [details]
original description (of Limax fuliginosus A. Gould, 1852) Gould, A. A. (1852). Mollusca and shells. <em>In: United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 under the command of Charles Wilkes. Boston.</em> 12: 1-510; atlas 1856: 1-16., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10991152
page(s): 5, pl. 1, fig, 4a. [details]
context source (Bermuda) Bieler, R. & Slapcinsky, J. (2000). A case study for the development of an island fauna: Recent terrestrial mollusks of Bermuda. <em>Nemouria.</em> 44: 1-99., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45974319 [details]
basis of record Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. Pp 196-219. <em>in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia.</em> Canterbury University Press, Christchurch. [details]
additional source Herbert, D. & Kilburn, D. (2004). Field guide to the land snails and slugs of eastern South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: Natal Museum. [v] + 336 pp.
page(s): 295 [details] Available for editors

additional source Barker, G. M. (1999). Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). <em>Fauna of New Zealand 38: 1-254.</em> [details]
additional source Nevill, G. (1880). On the land-shells, extinct and living, of the neighbourhood of Menton (Alpes Maritimes); with descriptions of a new genus and of several new species. <em>Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.</em> 1880: 94-142, Pls. 13, 14., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28522212
page(s): 103 [details]
additional source Cowie, R. H., Evenhuis, N. L. & Christensen, C. C. (1995). <i>Catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the Hawaiian Islands</i>. vi + 248 pp. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers.
page(s): 166 [details] Available for editors

additional source Herbert, D.G. (2010). The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series, 15: vi + 108 pp. Pretoria. [SANBI = South African National Biodiversity Institute].
page(s): 60 [details]
additional source Hausdorf, B. (2002). Introduced Land Snails and Slugs in Colombia. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 68 (2): 127-131. London. [details] Available for editors

additional source Collinge, W.E. (1910). The slugs of Natal. <em>Annals of the Natal Museum 2(2): 159–174.</em>
page(s): 161 [details]
additional source Minato, H. (1988). A systematic and bibliographic list of the Japanese land snails. H. Minato, Shirahama, 294 pp., 7 pls.
page(s): 134 [details]
additional source Cockerell, T. D. A. (1908). <i>Milax gagates</i> and <i>Vitrea cellaria</i> in Colorado. <em>The Nautilus.</em> 21(11): 131-132., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3666091 [details]
additional source Schallenberg, V.; Heim, R.; Schneppat, U. E.; Müller, P.; Rüetschi, J.; Neubert, E. (2022). Revision of the family Milacidae from Switzerland (Mollusca, Eupulmonata, Parmacelloidea). <em>ZooKeys.</em> 1116: 149-179., available online at https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1116.82762 [details] Available for editors

additional source Dundee, D. S. & Dundee, H. A. (1958). Extensions of known ranges of 4 mollusks. <em>The Nautilus.</em> 72(2): 51-53., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8521088
page(s): 52-53 [details]
additional source Neck, R. W. (1977). Introduced land snails of Travis County, Texas. <em>The Nautilus.</em> 91(4): 140-143., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8273666
page(s): 41 [details]
identification resource Katsumi, T. & Sawada, N. (2025). Rediscovery and integrative identification of Milax gagates from Japan (Gastropoda: Milacidae). <em>Folia Malacologica.</em> 33 (1):73-81., available online at https://www.foliamalacologica.com/Rediscovery-and-integrative-identification-of-Milax-gagates-from-Japan-Gastropoda,200280,0,2.html [details] Available for editors





To Barcode of Life (5 barcodes)
To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Milax gagates)
To GB Mollusca Types (Amalia parryi Collinge, 1895; Syntype(s); NMINH:1897.198.1) (from synonym Amalia parryi Collinge, 1895)
To GenBank (8 nucleotides; 7 proteins)
To NMNH Extant Collection (IZ MOL 575630 Milax gagates dorsal photo)
To NMNH Extant Collection (IZ MOL 575630 Milax gagates lateral photo)
To ITIS
To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Milax gagates)
To GB Mollusca Types (Amalia parryi Collinge, 1895; Syntype(s); NMINH:1897.198.1) (from synonym Amalia parryi Collinge, 1895)
To GenBank (8 nucleotides; 7 proteins)
To NMNH Extant Collection (IZ MOL 575630 Milax gagates dorsal photo)
To NMNH Extant Collection (IZ MOL 575630 Milax gagates lateral photo)
To ITIS